Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissen­schaftliche Fakultät - Institut für Archäologie

Projects and Fieldwork

 

Welterbe Schützen: Kulturerhalt in Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan) / Protecting World Heritage: Cultural preservation at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan)
(2020, Finanzierung / Funding: Kulturerhalt-Programm des Auswärtigen Amts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland / Cultural Preservation Fund of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany)

 

The project 'Protecting World Heritage: Cultural Preservation at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan)' aimed to help preserve specific archaeological monuments or features in the archaeological concession of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin at Musawwarat es-Sufra. Extensive protection measures at this UNESCO-World Heritage site were devoted to the area of the Apedemak Temple, the oldest known temple dedicated to this indigenous lion-headed god, where a fence of c. 600m was constructed around the ancient sacred precinct of the temple. In addition, architectural conservation measures were dedicated to the Great Enclosure of Musawwarat, a unique labyrinthine building complex composed of temples, other rooms, ramps, corridors and courtyards. Here, the iconic elephant wall end of the Central Terrace was consolidated and restored.

 

Musawwarat_ElephantWallEnd_2020.JPG

Elephant wall end at the Central Terrace of the Great Enclosure (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz, 2020).

 

Fieldwork:
10/2020 Field season 02/2020: Architectural conservation in the Great Enclosure (elephant wall end on Central Terrace), completion of fence surrounding the Apedemak Temple precinct, clearing of temple area from old fence and hafir sediment
03/2020

Field season 01/2020: Preparation and construction of fence surrounding the Apedemak Temple precinct, preparation of architectural conservation in the Great Enclosure

 

 
Musawwarat es-Sufra: Forschung und Kulturerhalt
(since 07/2016, co-director with Alexandra Verbovsek, Funding: Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project)

 

The Musawwarat Project is a long-term archaeological project at Musawwarat es-Sufra run by the Department of Northeast African Archaeology and Cultural Studies at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Since 1960 Humboldt University teams have been excavating at this major centre of the Kingdom of Kush, which boasts the earliest known temple dedicated to the lion-headed god Apedemak, the unique labyrinthine building complex of the Great Enclosure and the largest known artificial water reservoir of ancient Sudan, the Great Hafir. With funding from the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), current field work is focused on site management, including the presentation of the site to the Sudanese and international public. This includes the development and installation of a visitor guidance system that aims at protecting the site while significantly enhancing the visitor experience. Conservation-restoration measures have long been a priority at Musawwarat es-Sufra and are now dedicated to the unique Early Meroitic building decoration of the Great Enclosure. In addition, the wider area of the Apedemak Temple has received renewed attention as various site management measures led to extensive (re-)excavations and subsequent protection measures.

 

HU-Berlin_Musawwarat_LionReplicas_CKleinitz2018.JPG

Installation of replicas of lion sculptures at Temple 300 in the Great Enclosure (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz, 2018).

 

Fieldwork:
02/2020

Field season 01/2020: Excavations, site management, architectural conservation (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)

11/2019 Field season 02/2019: Monitoring and site management planning (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
02-04/2019 Field season 01/2019: Excavations, site management, architectural conservation and installation of a visitor guidance system (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
11-12/2018 Field season 03/2018: Site management, architectural conservation and installation of a visitor guidance system (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
08/2018 Field season 02/2018: Monitoring and site management planning (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
01-03/2018 Field season 1/2018: Site management, conservation and development/installation of a visitor guidance system (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
11-12/2017 Field season 02/2017: Site management and conservation (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
02-04/2017 Field season 01/2017: Conservation planning, conservation and excavation (funded by the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, QSAP)
Presentations:
2019

'Das Musawwarat-Projekt im Jahr 2018/19: Kulturerhalt und Forschung' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14 December)

2018 'Preserving and presenting Musawwarat es-Sufra: Challenges, measures and perspectives' (14th International Conference for Nubian Studies (ISNS), Musée du Louvre + Sorbonne Université, Paris, 10-15 September)
2018 'Site Management in Musawwarat es-Sufra - Arbeiten zu Kulturerhalt und touristischer Erschließung in 2017/18' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 02 June)
2018

'What can archaeological heritage contribute to modern (identities in) Sudan?' (Lecture at the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, University of Khartoum, 14 March)

2018 'Diversity in/and Ancient Sudan: An archaeological perspective' (Keynote lecture at the Meeting of the German Academic Exchange Service, DAAD, on 'Diversity - Scientific and Social Perspectives' at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Khartoum, 30 January-01 February)
2017

(with Al-Fateh Mohamed Ali Saeed) 'Pastoral communities and their relationship to archaeological heritage: A case study from Musawwarat es-Sufra' (Second Bayuda Conference "Bayuda and its Neigbours", Gdansk, 12-14 October)

2017

'Examining realities of World Heritage: Sources and constraints for sustainable development at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan)' (Annual Conference of the International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM), Dar es-Salaam (Bagamoyo), 02-05 October)

 

Publications:

2019

 

C. Kleinitz, J. de Torres Rodriguez & P. Rodriguez Simon, (Re-)Investigating (indigenous) cult at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan): Excavations and mapping at the Apedemak Temple and in adjacent areas during the 2018-2019 field season. Nyame Akuma 92: 25-35.

2019

C. Kleinitz, The 2016/17 season at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan): From conservation planning, applied conservation and protection measures to archaeological and social anthropological research. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 30, 7-33.

 


 
Archaeology at the Archive: The History of Research on Ancient Sudan During the Time of the GDR
(2016-2017, teaching and research project, co-director with Thomas Gertzen)

 

The project 'Archaeology in the Archive' was inspired by the intensive study of the history of Berlin-based Sudan Archaeology in teaching and research. The purpose of the project was to work with various archival holdings, in particular with the Sudan Archaeological Collection & Archive at Humboldt-Universität, against the background of a growing interest from Cultural Studies and the History of Science, among other fields. The history of the development of Sudan Archaeology under the conditions of the GDR academia is an innovative field of research, which was begun to be examined in the framework of the project from an interdisciplinary perspective.

 

BERLIN-SUDAN

 

Conference:

'BERLIN-SUDAN. The history of Berlin-based research on Northeast Africa. Change, continuity and scientific ‘Zeitgeist’ from the Kingdom of Prussia until the end of the GDR'

(30 June - 01 July 2017)

 

Presentations:
2017

'The GDR-expeditions to Sudan in the late 1950s and 1960s under Fritz Hintze. An exploration of the Sudan Archaeological Collection & Archive at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin' (Conference 'BERLIN-SUDAN. The History of Berlin-based Research on Northeast Africa. Change, Continuity and Scientific 'Zeitgeist' from the Kingdom of Prussia until the End of the GDR', Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin + Berliner Antike-Kolleg, 30 June - 01 July)

2017

(with Alexandra Verbovsek) 'Introduction' (Conference 'BERLIN-SUDAN. The History of Berlin-based Research on Northeast Africa. Change, Continuity and Scientific 'Zeitgeist' from the Kingdom of Prussia until the End of the GDR', Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin + Berliner Antike-Kolleg, 30 June - 01 July)

Posters:
2017

C. Kleinitz, The Sudan Archaeological Collection & Archive at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. History, objects and archival materials (Project poster 'Archaeology at the Archive' for the Conference 'BERLIN-SUDAN. The History of Berlin-based Research on Northeast Africa. Change, Continuity and Scientific 'Zeitgeist' from the Kingdom of Prussia until the End of the GDR', Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin + Berliner Antike-Kolleg, 30 June - 01 July).

2017

C. Kleinitz & J. Petschner, The Epigraphic Expedition to Sudanese Nubia: Encountering Nubia and Nubians during the UNESCO-Campaigns of the early 1960s (Project poster 'Archaeology at the Archive' for the Conference 'BERLIN-SUDAN. The History of Berlin-based Research on Northeast Africa. Change, Continuity and Scientific 'Zeitgeist' from the Kingdom of Prussia until the End of the GDR', Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin + Berliner Antike-Kolleg, 30 June - 01 July).

2017

A. Magliocchi & C. Kleinitz, The representation of the Epigraphic Expedition to Sudanese Nubia in the East German print media (Project poster 'Archaeology at the Archive' for the Conference 'BERLIN-SUDAN. The History of Berlin-based Research on Northeast Africa. Change, Continuity and Scientific 'Zeitgeist' from the Kingdom of Prussia until the End of the GDR', Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin + Berliner Antike-Kolleg, 30 June - 01 July).


 

Meroe Pyramids Graffiti Project

(09/2015-12/2016, project director, QSAP-QMPS project directors: Mahmoud Suliman Bashir, National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums & Alexandra Riedel, German Archaeological Institute)

 

Research and preservation efforts at the pyramids of Meroe have long paid little attention to the thousands of textual and pictorial graffiti, which had been incised into pyramid and chapel walls over a time span of more than two millennia. This omission was unfortunate, as accelerated sand erosion as well as hundreds of new graffiti made by today’s visitors have had a detrimental effect on the preservation of these unique traces of diachronic site use, especially on the finely incised Meroitic graffiti. As the graffiti provide invaluable information on the changing use and perception of the Meroe funerary landscape over time, the Meroe Pyramids Graffiti Project brought together archival material and new field research, aiming at the detailed documentation of the graffiti corpus. To better understand the current threat to the preservation of the Meroe pyramids by damaging visitor behavior and to help develop counter measures, a project segment was devoted to investigating the modern graffiti at the pyramids, which were/are made by tourists as well as members of local communities.

The graffiti project was initially based on extensive research in the Friedrich-Hinkel-Archive at the German Archaeological Institute, which contains hundreds of photographs of pyramid walls and individual blocks taken mainly in the 1980s and 1990s, a few hand copies of inscriptions and pictorial graffiti as well as drawings of pyramid elevations in which the location of some of the graffiti is marked. The archive provides an invaluable source of information, as many of the graffiti that were well-visible in Hinkel’s photos and that are marked on his plans are today severely damaged or have entirely disappeared.

Having been compiled into a graffiti catalogue, the archival material was supplemented with new field data. The recording methodology was based on the documentation of graffiti entities in their exact location on the monument, acknowledging that the positioning of the graffiti provides important contextual information on graffiti making, significance and usage. Taking the individual block ‘canvas’ as a point of reference, blocks and their graffiti were photographed, measured, drawn and described, including their state of preservation. In addition to standard digital photography, a large selection of walls and block surfaces was photogrammetrically documented and medium or high-resolution 3D-models as well as ortho-photographic images were calculated and rendered as required. Field recording focused on the Begrawiya North cemetery, which contains the largest number of ancient as well as modern graffiti, but selections of graffiti from Begrawiya South and Begrawiya West were also documented. The graffiti corpus from the pyramids of Meroe is now in the process of publication.

 

DAI-QMPS_MeroeGraffiti_CKleinitz2015.JPG

Meroitic graffiti: giraffe, so-called 'property marks' and other motifs (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz, 2015).

 

Fieldwork:
11/2016 Second main documentation campaign at Meroe (3 weeks)
02-03/2016 First main documentation campaign at Meroe (5 weeks)
10-11/2015

Preliminary campaign at Meroe (testing of method and equipment, 2 weeks)

Presentations:
2016

'Die Pyramiden von Meroe (Sudan): Antike, mittelalterliche und moderne Graffiti als Zeugnisse ihrer Bau- und Nutzungsgeschichte' (Colloquium on the Cultural History of Ancient Egypt, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 15 December)

2016

'(De-)Constructing Meroe: Graffiti from the pyramids and quarries of the ancient capital of Kush' (Conference 'Rock Art and (Non-textual) Graffiti in Context', German Archaeological Institute Cairo, 11-12 December)'

2016

'Die Graffiti der Pyramiden von Meroe (Sudan): Zeugnisse ihrer Bau- und Nutzungsgeschichte zwischen königlicher Nekropole und UNESCO-Welterbeort' (Colloquium of the Institute of Archaeology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 07 December)

2016

(with Hassan Mustafa Alkhidir) 'Zeitgenössische Graffiti an archäologischen Stätten der ‚Insel von Meroe‘: Problem und Chance für das Site Management' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 29 October)

2016

'Lives of a funerary landscape: Graffiti making at the pyramids of Meroe in diachronic perspective' (Conference 'Signs of Place. A Visual Interpretation of Landscape', TOPOI, Berlin, 27-28 October)

2016 'Graffiti: (Informal) art and writing in the Island of Meroe' (Workshop on Recent Archaeological Discoveries in the Middle Nile, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, 05-06 October)
2016 'The every-day life of a funerary landscape: Investigating the graffiti of the pyramids at Meroe' (12th International Conference for Meroitic Studies, National Museum, Prague, 05-09 September)
Publications:
2016

A. Riedel, M.S. Bashir, P. Wolf, M.B. Mohamed & C. Kleinitz, The Qatari Mission for the Pyramids of Sudan – Archaeological Investigation, Conservation and Site Management at Meroe 2015/2016. Sudan & Nubia 20, 62-74.


 

Meroe Quarries Graffiti Project
(2015, UCL Qatar, part of a study of the ancient sandstone quarries of Meroe led by Brigitte Cech)

 

UCL-Qatar_MeroeQuarries_Inscription_CKleinitz2015.jpg

Inscription (Georgi +) from the Medieval Christian period at a Meroe quarry (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz, 2015).

 

Fieldwork:
02/2015 Graffiti of the Meroe sandstone quarries (specialist; project director: Brigitte Cech, UCL Qatar)
Presentations:
2016

'Graffiti in the ancient sandstone quarries of Meroe: a diachronic perspective' (Meeting of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society: Recent Archaeological Fieldwork in Sudan, The British Museum, London, 09 May)

2015

'Making and marking the Landscape: Pictorial and inscriptional graffiti in the ancient sandstone quarries of Meroe, Sudan' (Public Lecture at UCLQatar, Doha, 08 September)

Publications:
2018

C. Kleinitz, Graffiti from the ancient sandstone quarries of Meroe: An overview. In: Brigitte Cech, Thilo Rehren & Ali Mohamed Abdelrahman (eds.), The Quarries of Meroe. Part 1: Texts, Part 2: Catalogue. UCL Qatar Series in Archaeology, Volume 2, Doha.

2018

J. Hallof & C. Kleinitz, Meroitic cursive inscriptions in the sandstone quarries of Meroe. In: Brigitte Cech, Thilo Rehren & Ali Mohamed Abdelrahman (eds.), The Quarries of Meroe. Part 1: Texts, Part 2: Catalogue. UCL Qatar Series in Archaeology, Volume 2, Doha.

2018

A. Tsakos & C. Kleinitz, Medieval graffiti in the sandstone quarries of Meroe: Texts, monograms and cryptograms of Christian Nubia. In: Brigitte Cech, Thilo Rehren & Ali Mohamed Abdelrahman (eds.), The Quarries of Meroe. Part 1: Texts, Part 2: Catalogue. UCL Qatar Series in Archaeology, Volume 2, Doha.


 

The Archaeology of the Recent Past on Mograt Island - using Participatory GIS in mapping 'living heritage
(joint project with Stefania Merlo, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 01/2014-08/2015)

 

Within the framework of the Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP)-sponsored activities of the Mograt Island Archaeological Mission (MIAMi), a pilot project was dedicated to the recent past as well as the present of Mograt island in the far north of Sudan. One segment of the project aimed at writing recent histories of Mograt by starting from recording the present use of the island and adding a diachronic aspect by tracing family histories and their material correlates, especially the development of dwellings, compounds and villages in living memory. Tapping into local knowledge helped gain an idea of the development of settlements and settlement patterns over time, and identify possible locales relevant to the study of the island’s deeper ‘Islamic’ past. The project successfully employed Participatory GIS as the main method of tracking local people’s current use of the island, and it actively involved members of local communities in writing (family) histories of place. A second segment of the project aimed at establishing to what extent work on the ‘living heritage’ of the island could enrich our understanding, as heritage practitioners, of tangible and intangible landscape values that are of interest to the local communities, whilst, at the same time, sharing our knowledge of the deeper past of the island. Accordingly, themes were identified that may be built upon in the future in the effort of learning and constructing a mutual understanding of the present and the past of the island of Mograt.

 

HU-Berlin_Mograt_MappingExercise_CKleinitz2015.jpg

Mental mapping exercise with school children on Mograt Island (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz, 2015).

 

Fieldwork:
01-02/2015 Collaborative research on 'community heritage' on Mograt Island, Sudan (lead researcher together with Stefania Merlo, GAES, University of the Witwatersrand)
02/2014 'Islamic' Archaeology on Mograt Island, Sudan - using Participatory GIS in mapping 'living heritage' (lead researcher together with Stefania Merlo, GAES, University of the Witwatersrand)
Presentations:
2019

(with Stefania Merlo and Hassan Mustafa Alkhidir) 'Immanent Architecture: constructing and transforming mudbrick family compounds on Mograt and Kindi Islands, Sudan' (International Conference on Vernacular Architecture as frame of life in historic and ancient communities, Technische Universität Berlin, 04-07 April)

2015

(with Stefania Merlo) 'Oral histories and the archaeologist: A view from the African continent' (Conference of the European Association of Archaeologists, Glasgow, 02-05 September)

2015

(with Stefania Merlo and Hassan Mustafa Alkhidir) 'Community heritage on Mograt: a collaborative exploration of the Island's recent past' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 04 July)

2015

(with Stefania Merlo) 'Representing the heritages of Mograt Island: a reflection on identification processes among archaeological and local communities in Sudan' (Conference 'Ancient Identities and Modern Identification. Space, Knowledge and Representation', TOPOI, Berlin, 18-19 June)

2015

(with Stefania Merlo) 'Engaging local and archaeological communities in development contexts: a case study from Sudan' (Conference 'African Heritage Challenges: Development and Sustainability', CRASSH, University of Cambridge, 15-16 May)

2015

(with Stefania Merlo) 'Re-thinking archaeological practice in development contexts in Sudan: Exploring community heritage on Mograt Island' ('Cultural Heritage in Sudan: Current Work and Future Possibilities', Meeting at the University of Copenhagen, 10 April)

2014 'Do we really need to listen? On giving and getting in community-based heritage work in Sudan' (Second Biannual Conference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 02-04 December)
2014 'Re-thinking community archaeology: on the benefits of collaborative research in development contexts in Sudan' (Seminar talk at the University of Bergen, Norway, 18 November)
2014 (with Stefania Merlo): 'Learning from local communities: Participatory GIS in mapping 'living heritage' on Mograt Island, Sudan' (13th International Conference for Nubian Studies (ISNS), Université de Neuchâtel, 01-06 September)
2014 (with Stefania Merlo) 'Meet the locals: learning from local communities in archaeological salvage contexts' ((14th Congress of the Panafrican Archaeological Association and 22nd Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists (SAfA), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 14-18 July)
Publications:
2014

C. Kleinitz & S. Merlo, Towards a collaborative exploration of community heritage in archaeological salvage contexts: Participatory mapping on Mograt Island, Sudan. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 25, 161-175.


 

Protecting and presenting Sudan's World Heritage: A study of tourist behaviour and experience at Musawwarat es Sufra
(2014, lead researcher)

 

In 2011, Musawwarat es Sufra was included in the World Heritage List as part of the serial property 'The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe'. In 2013, with funding from the Qatar Sudan Archaeological Project (QSAP), a systematic effort at developing and implementing a comprehensive site management plan was begun. One of the pillars of site management planning at Musawwarat is a visitor study that was undertaken at the Great Enclosure in early 2014. Based mainly on GPS-based tracking of visitor movement within this labyrinthine monument and on structured exit interviews, this study provides empirical data on visitor behaviour, experience and expectations at Musawwarat, and the 'Island of Meroe' more generally. The complex Great Enclosure, similar to the Royal City at Meroe, is currently under-presented to visitors travelling without well-trained guides due to the near absence of explanatory panels. This results in an often poor visitor experience as well as in potential damage to some of the monuments through undirected visitor movement.

In order to be able to contextualise site visitation, data was collected on the visitors themselves (e.g. nationality, age, profession), the type of visitor (individual Sudanese, foreign or expats; tour group foreign or expats; Sudanese student groups etc.), the number of visitors per group, the type of trip (day-tour or 2-day-tour from Khartoum, multi-day-tour through Sudan, field trip), the trip itinerary, the presence or absence of a guide, and the information available to the visitors before and during site visitation (e.g. internet sources, guide books, guides). In preparation for the development of a visitor guidance system that aims to protect the site while enhancing the visitor experience, the exercise of tracking visitor movement across the site showed what apparent paths and site components are attractive visual 'draws' for various kinds of visitors. The interview data gave a good idea of which themes and 'stories' concerning Musawwarat and the wider cultural landscape of the ‘Island of Meroe’ World Heritage Site visitors found most interesting and memorable. Apart from information on the ancient monumental remains and their cultural and environmental context, the themes of interest identified also include information on the local nomads who live near the site today, work in archaeological excavations and guard the monuments.

In addition to visitors, guides (including professional guides, archaeologists leading tours, interested 'enthusiasts') as well as owners and employees of tourist companies were interviewed on site and in Khartoum on their evaluation of and approach to Musawwarat as a tourist destination, and on their needs as 'handlers' of visitors to this remote site. Interviews were also undertaken with the guards of the Great Enclosure as well as the Lion Temple, who provided information on their daily experience with visitors at Musawwarat and their wishes and needs for the future development of the site. The various elements of the visitor study, which has gathered data on some of the stake holders using the site (i.e. Sudanese and foreign visitors, guides, ghafirs) will feed directly into site management planning at Musawwarat.

 

VisitorTracks_Final_All_3Width.jpg

GPS-Tracks showing the movement of visitors in the Great Enclosure before the installation of a visitor guidance system (Google Earth image modified by Cornelia Kleinitz, 2014).

 

Fieldwork:
03-04/2014

Musawwarat Site Management Planning Project (co-ordinator):

'Protecting and presenting Sudan's World Heritage: A study of tourist behaviour and experience at Musawwarat es Sufra' (lead researcher)

Presentations:
2015

'Tourism at Musawwarat es Sufra: a study of visitor expectation, behaviour and experience' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 04 July)

2014 'From rags to riches: The (mis)fortunes of ‘The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe’ World Heritage property in Sudan' (Second Biannual Conference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 02-04 December)
2014 Discussant at the Workshop 'Towards Sustainable Tourism at Meroe' (Qatar Sudan Archaological Project, Khartoum, 15-16 January)
Publications/Poster:
2014

C. Kleinitz, Protecting and presenting Sudan's World Heritage: An evaluation of visitor behaviour and expectations at Musawwarat es-Sufra as a prerequisite for site management planning (Poster for the 13th International Conference for Nubian Studies (ISNS), Université de Neuchâtel, 01-06 September).

2014 C. Kleinitz & C. Näser, Site management planning at Musawwarat es-Sufra, Sudan: Condition assessments, conservation and rehabilitation measures, and the development of a first visitor guidance system. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 25, 7-26.

 

Musawwarat Graffiti Archive
(since 2011, open access project in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, project director)

 

The Musawwarat Graffiti Archive is an interactive open access online research platform providing access to complex sets of visual and related data on thousands of ancient graffiti. These were incised into the walls of the so-called Great Enclosure, a unique, labyrinthine building complex forming the centre of Musawwarat es Sufra, once a major sacral centre of the Meroitic realm (c. 300BC-AD350) and today one of Sudan’s World Heritage sites. The graffiti, informal inscriptions and drawings, provide a rich source of information on one of Africa’s early states beyond official codified graphic and inscriptional programmes.

The heart of the Musawwarat Graffiti Archive is a work-bench environment allowing the online publication of large image collections together with related extensive and varied data sets via an easily accessible web interface. A database front-end was developed for entering systematic graffiti-focused information as well as data on the exact spatial contexts in which the graffiti were created and used. All data is systematically linked to an extensive image collection - from overview photos and ground plans down to tracings and detail photos at the level of single building blocks and graffiti.

The Musawwarat Graffiti Archive is an online publication of a continually growing network of space-related data sets as well as large collection of images and other media, such as RTI/PTM files and 3D models, which would be impossible to affordably publish in traditional paper format. By bringing a large set of primary archaeological data on Africa’s past online the Musawwarat Graffiti Archive encourages scientific sharing and collaboration regardless of users’ locations or means. Thus, it contributes to promoting, digitally preserving and sharing African cultural heritage.

 

MGA

 

Presentations:
2012

'African Cultural Heritage Online: the Open Access Musawwarat Graffiti Archive' (21st Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists (SAfA), University of Toronto, 20-24 June)

Posters:
2012 (with Robert Casties): 'The Musawwarat Graffiti Archive: a Workbench Environment for the Publication of Large Image Collections and Related Complex Data Sets' (Poster at the CAA - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 2012 Conference, University of Southampton, 26-29 March)
2011

(with Robert Casties & Simone Rieger): 'The Musawwarat Graffiti Archive. African cultural heritage and the globalization of knowledge' (Poster at the Berlin 9 Open Access Conference, Washington DC, 9-10 November)


 

Archaeotopia: the archaeological site as focus, expression and motor of collective identities
(2009-2015, TOPOI project, project co-director with Claudia Näser and Stefan Altekamp)

 

Part of the Cross Sectional Group V (Space and Collective Identities) and more recently of the Research Group C-3 (Fragments, Ruins and Space) of the Berlin excellence cluster TOPOI (The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations), 'Archaeotopia' focused on archaeological sites as culturally charged locations in the contemporary cultural landscape. The mere act of designating a site – often accompanied by distinct physical marking and transformation – can lead to the abrupt termination of most previous uses, such as settlement and agricultural activities or the material exploitation of the physical remains of the past. The designation, development and maintenance of archaeological sites involves numerous interest groups, including local residents, landowners, academic experts, their institutions and funding bodies, policymakers at different administrative levels, various kinds of national and international visitors, local staff and economically interested parties.

Therefore, archaeological sites are potentially the focus of manifold political, economic and cultural interests, Usually, archaeologists and other academic parties enjoy privileged access to such locales for the sake of research, preservation and dissemination of historical knowledge. But archaeological sites can also be imbued with further, divergent cultural messages by other interest groups, thus becoming arenas of multiple, sometimes competing social practices.

'Archaeotopia' investigated the motivations, scope and regulating factors of interventions in archaeological sites by a multitude of interest groups. The processes of identity formation and affirmation triggered by and expressed in these appropriations were analysed in case studies from north(east)ern Africa, where archaeology as well as the notions of 'archaeological site' and of the intrinsic value of cultural heritage represent ideational imports from the Western world: Carthage (Stefan Altekamp), Thebes (Claudia Näser) and Sudan (Cornelia Kleinitz & Claudia Näser). The Sudan case study investigated political and ethical dimensions of salvage archaeology in a contested development context, i.e. the recent construction of the Merowe Dam at the Fourth Nile Cataract.

 

GlobalHeritage-WorldsApart.jpg

 

Conference:

'Global heritage – worlds apart: The cultural production, appropriation and consumption of archaeological heritage spaces'

(6-7 September 2012)

 

Workshop:

Archaeotopia: The archaeological site as focus, expression and motor of collective identities

(4-5 June 2010)

 

Presentations:
2014

Discussant at the Workshop 'Advancing Archaeology and Heritage in Lesotho: Workshopping Lessons from the Metolong Dam Cultural Resource Management Project' (National University of Lesotho, Roma, 10-12 July)

2014

(with Claudia Näser) 'Archäologie, Kulturerbe und Gesellschaft. Archaeological Heritage Management im Sudan' (46. Ständige Ägyptologenkonferenz 'Ägypten liegt in Afrika. Altägypten und seine südlichen und südwestlichen Nachbarn' (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 20-22 June)

2013

(with Claudia Näser) 'Development realities: disentangling the ethics of archaeological salvage in Sudan' (7th World Archaeological Congress, Dead Sea, Jordan, 13-18 January)

2013

'Sources of pride or sources of conflict? Deconstructing values in archaeological and other 'development narratives'' (7th World Archaeological Congress, Dead Sea, Jordan, 13-18 January)

2012
'Spaces in development: Making and unmaking Sudan’s heritage'
2012

(with Claudia Näser) 'Conceptions of heritage in contested development projects in Africa: Theory vs. practice' (Inaugural Conference of the Association of Critical Heritage Studies, University of Gothenburg, 5-8 June)

2011

'Archaeological places and politics of identity in Sudan' (17th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists, Oslo, 14-18 September)

2010

'Whose heritage? Local responses to cultural heritage practices in northern Sudan' (32nd Annual Meeting of the Theoretical Archaeology Group, University of Bristol, 17-19 December)

2010
 

'Heritage politics: Attitudes towards archaeological places in northern Sudan' (Colloquium: Denkmalkultur. Attitues to Heritage, BTU Cottbus, 9-11 November)

2010

'European archaeology abroad: a case study from Sudan' (16th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists, Den Haag, 30 August-4 September)

2010

(with Claudia Näser) 'The Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project at the Fourth Nile Cataract in Northern Sudan' (Workshop: Archaeotopia: the Archaeological Site as Focus, Expression and Motor of Collective Identities, TOPOI, Berlin, 4-5 June)

2008
 

(with Claudia Näser) ‘The good, the bad and the ugly: a case study on political, ethical and scientific dimensions of salvage archaeology from northern Sudan’ (Society of Africanist Archaeologists Biennial Meeting, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 8-11 September)

2008
 

‘The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: political and ethical dimensions of rescue archaeology on the Middle Nile’ (6th World Archaeological Congress, University College Dublin, 29 June - 4 July)

Publications:

2013

 

C. Kleinitz, Between valorisation and devaluation: making and unmaking (world) heritage in Sudan. Archaeologies 9 (3), 427-469.

2013

C. Kleinitz, C. Näser & S. Altekamp (eds.), Global Heritage – Worlds Apart? The Cultural Production, Appropriation and Consumption of Archaeological Heritage Spaces in Northern Africa and the Middle East. Special Issue of Archaeologies 9 (3).

2013

C. Kleinitz, C. Näser & S. Altekamp, Global heritage - worlds apart? Archaeologies 9 (3), 357-361.

2013

C. Kleinitz & C. Näser, Archaeology, development and conflict: a case study from the African continent. Archaeologies 9 (1), 162-191.

2012

C. Kleinitz & C. Näser (eds.), 'Nihna nas al-bahar – We are the people of the river'. Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region (Sudan). Meroitica 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

2012

C. Näser & C. Kleinitz, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: a case study on the politicisation of archaeology and its consequences from northern Sudan. In: C. Kleinitz & C. Näser (eds.), 'Nihna nas al-bahar – We are the people of the river'. Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region (Sudan). Meroitica 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 269-304.

2012

C. Kleinitz & C. Näser, Introduction. In: C. Kleinitz & C. Näser (eds.), 'Nihna nas al-bahar – We are the people of the river'. Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region (Sudan). Meroitica 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1-4.

2011

C. Kleinitz & C. Näser, The loss of innocence: political and ethical dimensions of the Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project at the Fourth Nile Cataract (Sudan). Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 13 (2-3), 253-280.

2010 C. Näser & C. Kleinitz, The Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project at the Fourth Nile Cataract: salvage archaeology in the context of major development projects in Africa. In: H. Paner, St. Jakobielski & Julie R. Anderson (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference "The Fourth Cataract Archaeological Salvage Project 1996–2009". Gdańsk, 2-4 July, 2009. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum and Heritage Protection Fund African Reports 7, Gdańsk, 109-116.
2010 C. Näser & C. Kleinitz, The role of archaeology in the context of contested development projects: a case study from the African continent. In: F.T. Schipper & Magnus T. Bernhardsson (eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on "Archaeology in Conflict", Vienna, 6 to 10 April 2010, Forum Archaeologiae 55 / VI, 2010.

 

Musawwarat Graffiti Project
(since 2007, project director)

 

Thousands of pictorial and inscriptional graffiti adorn the numerous sandstone walls of the Great Enclosure, a singular sacral building complex at Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan). Many of these incisions stem from the Meroitic period of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 270BC-350AD). They provide a rich but hitherto largely overlooked source on the Meroitic world, which formed an interface between ancient Africa, Egypt, the Greco-Roman Mediterranean and the Near East. Graffiti were also added later, during the post-Meroitic, Christian and Islamic periods, long after the Great Enclosure had lost its original purpose.

The still unresolved function(s) of the Great Enclosure and the extremely diverse nature of the incised graffiti are raising a host of questions as to authorship as well as graffiti making contexts and practices in synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Since 2007 the Musawwarat Graffiti Project has been dedicated to documenting, analysing and publishing the vanishing graffiti corpus. Archival material from previous documentation projects is being made accessible and new field research has been undertaken. The latter aimed at documenting all graffiti in their exact spatial contexts and employed traditional and new recording techniques, such as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and 3D-scanning (structured-light, laser). An expandable motif thesaurus as well as a systematic documentation methodology and procedure was developed. A first set of image and space-related data is presented online via the open access Musawwarat Graffiti Archive.

The Musawwarat Graffiti Project currently investigates ‘informal’ image making and usage in the Meroitic world as well as relationships between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ image corpora. It addresses questions of access to various image-based ‘literacies’ reflected in the graffiti corpus of Musawwarat es Sufra as well as the appropriation of architecturally framed space by graffiti making at the Great Enclosure. Some of the graffiti motifs are strikingly similar to rock art motifs in the open landscape, which raises questions as to the relationship between processes of marking in built and ,natural' components of the ancient landscape. The graffiti also add to our understanding of the role(s) Musawwarat played in the Meroitic world and beyond, as the site has, for example, yielded the southernmost known Latin inscription on the African continent.  Indeed, the Musawwarat graffiti corpus contains ample evidence of the movement and transformation of ideas and knowledge within the ancient world.

 

Graffito Elephant 4

Graffito depicting an elephant, Great Enclosure at Musawwarat es-Sufra (photo: Cornelia Kleinitz).

 

Fieldwork:
03/2015 Musawwarat Graffiti Project, ninth field season
10/2014

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, eighth field season

03-04/2014

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, seventh field season

10/2013

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, sixth field season
03/2013

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, fifth field season

04/2012

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, fourth field season: RTI-recording of early graffiti at the Great Enclosure at Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan)

11-12/2011

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, third field season: RTI-recording, photogrammetry of early graffiti at the Great Enclosure at Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan) (in cooperation with the Archaeological Computing Research Group, University of Southampton)

02/2009


 

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, second field season: graffiti recording using 3D white-light scanning (in cooperation with Trigon-Art), 3D laser scanning of the Great Enclosure (in cooperation with Zamani Project, University of Cape Town)

02-03/2008

Musawwarat Graffiti Project, first field season: photographic recording, tracing of graffiti, development of database structure, motif thesaurus and data recording methodology

Presentations:
2019

'The Graffiti from the Great Enclosure at Musawwarat es-Sufra (Sudan): Practices of Text and Image Making in a Diachronic Perspective' (International Conference: Stone Canvas - Towards a better integration of rock art and graffiti studies in Egypt and Sudan, IFAO + PCMA, Cairo, 10-12 November)

2018

'Meroitic pictorial graffiti: The challenging corpus from the Great Enclosure of Musawwarat es-Sufra' (14th International Conference for Nubian Studies (ISNS), Musée du Louvre + Sorbonne Université, Paris, 10-15 September)

2014

'Rock art and graffiti of ancient Sudan' (Lecture at the Centre for Rock Art Research and Management, University of Western Australia, Perth, 10 December)

2014

'Rock art and graffiti of ancient Sudan: images, inscriptions and markings in landscape and built contexts along the Nile' (Lecture at the University of Bergen, Norway, 17 November)

2014

'Meroitic iconography between the 'formal' and the 'informal': Investigating the graffiti of Musawwarat es Sufra, Sudan' (13th International Conference for Nubian Studies (ISNS), Université de Neuchâtel, 01-06 September)

2014

'Computational photography in rock art and graffiti documentation' (14th Congress of the Panafrican Archaeological Association and 22nd Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists (SAfA), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 14-18 July)

2013

'Writing and image making practices in the Meroitic world: contextualising the graffiti of Musawwarat es Sufra, Sudan' (Scribbling Through History: Comparative Studies of Graffiti from Ancient Egypt Onwards, University of Oxford, 23-25 September)

2012

'Highlight RTI and the Documentation of Ancient Graffiti at Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan)' (Workshop: Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) for Cultural Heritage Documentation, TOPOI, Berlin, 22-25 October)

2012

'Kulturerbe analog und digital: Neues zu den Sekundärbildern und -inschriften von Musawwarat es Sufra' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 19 May)

2012

'The Musawwarat Graffiti Project: Shedding New Light on the Ancient Graffiti of the Great Enclosure' (Meeting of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society: Recent Archaeological Fieldwork in Sudan, The British Museum, London, 14 May)

2011

'The Great Enclosure at Musawwarat es Sufra (Sudan). Inscriptional and pictorial graffiti from the 3rd century BC to the present time: an online presentation' (Transliteration and Transfiguration of Cultural Traditions: Archaeology, Medical Knowledge, Art, and Science, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, 18-19 March)

2011

'Digital cultural heritage from and for Africa: a Case Study from Sudan' (Digital Transformations: New Developments in Cultural Heritage Imaging, University of Oxford, 25 February)

2010

'Marking and making the Meroitic world' (13th
Congress 
of
 the
 Panafrican 
Archaeological
 Association

 for 
Prehistory 
and 
Related
 Studies
­
 & 
20th 
Meeting 
of 
the 
Society 
of 
Africanist 
Archaeologists, University of Dakar, 1-7 November)

2009

(with Claudia Näser) 'Der Baukomplex von Musawwarat es Sufra, Sudan. 3D-Scanning und Modelle'. (Conference: Digitale Dokumentationsmethoden in TOPOI, TOPOI, Berlin, 13 November)

2009

(with Thomas Bauer and Mark Praus) 'Moderne Verfahren zur Untersuchung der Sekundärbilder der Großen Anlage von Musawwarat es Sufra' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 6 June)

2008

‘Imagining the Meroitic world: new work on the pictorial graffiti of Musawwarat es Sufra’ (11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies, University of Vienna Wien, 1-4 September)

2008
 

'Neue Arbeiten zu den Sekundärbildern der Grossen Anlage von Musawwarat es Sufra' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V. (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 31 May)

Publications:
2014

C. Kleinitz, The graffiti of Musawwarat es-Sufra: current research on historic inscriptions, images and markings at the Great Enclosure. Sudan & Nubia 18, 93-103.

2013

C. Kleinitz,  Die Sekundärbilder und -inschriften der Großen Anlage von Musawwarat es Sufra und das Musawwarat Graffiti Project. In: St. Wenig & K. Zibelius-Chen (eds.), Die Kulturen Nubiens – ein afrikanisches Vermächtnis. Dettelbach: J.H. Roell, 399-413.

2012

(with Hembo Pagi): 'Illuminating Africa’s Past: Using Reflectance Transformation Imaging Techniques in Documenting Ancient Graffiti at Musawwarat es Sufra' (Poster at the CAA - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 2012 Conference, University of Southampton, 26-29 March)

2012

C. Kleinitz, Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) in der Bestandsdokumentation der Sekundärbilder und -inschriften von Musawwarat es Sufra im Rahmen des Musawwarat Graffiti Project. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 23, 7-20.

2010

C. Kleinitz, H. Rüther & C. Näser, Die 3D-Laserscan-Erfassung der Großen Anlage und weiterer Monumente von Musawwarat es Sufra – ein Beitrag zur virtuellen Erhaltung und Präsentation des sudanesischen Kulturerbes. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 21, 23-32.

2009

C. Kleinitz, T. Bauer & C. Näser, Optische 3D-Messungen zur digitalen Bestandsdokumentation von dekorierten Bauelementen und Sekundärbildern der Großen Anlage von Musawwarat es Sufra: ein Pilotprojekt. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 20, 33-48.

2009

C. Kleinitz, Meroitic ‚property marks’ in Fourth Nile Cataract rock art? A re-evaluation of an enigmatic class of graphic markings. In: B.J.J. Haring & O.E. Kaper (eds.), Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere. Egyptologische Uitgaven XXV. Leiden: NINO, 179-198.

2008
 

C. Kleinitz, Neue Arbeiten zu den Sekundärbildern der Grossen Anlage von Musawwarat es Sufra. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 19, 27-38.


 

Fourth Cataract Rock Art
(since 2004, rock art specialist, sub-projects director)

 

Between early 2004 and early 2009, nearly 1000 rock art sites were recorded during archaeological salvage campaigns in the concessions of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society (SARS, project director: Derek A. Welsby), the Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (HUNE, Island concession project director: Claudia Näser) and the University of Santa Barbara/Arizona State University (UCSB/ASU, project directors: Stuart Tyson Smith & Brenda J. Baker) at the Fourth Nile Cataract in Sudan. The Fourth Cataract proved to be a rich rock art landscape that was marked with tens of thousands of petroglyphs dating from the Neolithic until the recent past.

Preferred motifs included various zoomorphs such as cattle and camel images, giraffes, birds, dogs, horses and elephants. Anthropomorphs were also encountered as well as depictions of weapons, churches, crosses and other geometric forms, and some inscriptions. The petroglyphs open up a unique window into the cultural practices and symbolic concepts of the past people of the Fourth Cataract in synchronic and diachronic perspectives. As rock art usually remains in the place where it was created - in contrast to portable art - the study of its positioning in the landscape at micro- and macro-geographic scales permits conclusions about possible contexts of rock art making and usage, as well as about pre(historic) perceptions of landscape.

Apart from rock art images, the Fourth Cataract landscape also contained a strong acoustic component in form of so-called rock gongs, resonant slabs and boulders that were used for sound making. These were usually located in close spatial relationship to rock art images, suggesting that rock art making and usage combined visual as well as acoustic elements. Some of these objects are today exhibited at the British Museum.

The publication of the extensive and varied data sets gathered within the Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project is planned to comprise monographs (Working titles: 'Visual and acoustic components of rock art landscapes above the Fourth Nile Cataract’ for the SARS concession / 'Signs of the times: Processes of symbolic marking in (pre)historic landscapes at the Fourth Nile Cataract' for the HUNE concession) as well as an open access online archive in which the motifs, panels and sites are being presented in their spatial relationship to each other. A prototype for the latter, the ‚Nubian Rock Art Virtual Archive’, has been developed to ensure the survival of Fourth Cataract rock art at least in a virtual sense – as the rock art landscape was submerged unter the waters of the new reservoir lake in 2008.

 

BM Rock Gong

Video: 'How to play an ancient rock gong' (The British Museum).

 

Fieldwork:
12/2014-01/2015 Acoustic properties of rock gongs in the ASU concession, Sudan (with Rupert Till, University of Huddersfield; BONE project director: Brenda Baker, ASU)
03/2009

University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB)/Arizona State University (ASU) - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director)

02-04/2007
 

Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (HUNE) Islands - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The Us and Sur Islands survey

11/2006-02/2007
 

SARS/The British Museum - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The Hadiab rock art survey

12/2005-03/2006 SARS/The British Museum - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The ed-Doma and Dirbi island rock art survey
03-04/2005 Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (HUNE) Islands - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The Us Island survey
11/2004-02/2005 SARS/The British Museum - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The Dar el Arab and et-Tereif rock art survey
12/2003-02/2004 SARS/The British Museum - Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project (sub-project director): The Ishashi Island rock art survey
Presentations:
2015

(with Rupert Till, Christopher A. Sevara and Brenda J. Baker) 'Sounds of the past: archaeological and musicological perspectives on rock gongs in the ASU BONE concession above the Fourth Nile Cataract' (Meeting of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society: Recent Archaeological Fieldwork in Sudan, The British Museum, London, 11 May)

2014

'Rock gongs at the Fourth Nile Cataract, Sudan: investigating variation in physical features, locations and sound properties' (Lithophones International Conference, University of Warsaw and Gdansk Archaeological Museum, Gdansk, 14 December)

2014

'Multi-sensory engagements with stone surfaces on the African continent: evidence from landscape and architectural contexts' ('Cultures of Stone. Interdisciplinary Research in the Materiality of Stone', University College Dublin, 18-20 September)

2008
 

‘Transitions: Rock art of the Meroitic and post-Meroitic Periods at the Fourth Cataract’ (11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies, University of Vienna, 1-4 September)

2008
 

‘Rock art rescue: approaches to the documentation and public presentation of the vanishing rock art of the Nubian Nile valley’ (6th World Archaeological Congress, University College Dublin, 29 June-4 July)

2007

'Rock art of the Fourth Nile Cataract: symbolic universes imprinted in stone' (Prehistory of Northeastern Africa - New Ideas and Discoveries, Poznan, 2-5 July)

2007

'Rock art on Us Island : a window into past life-worlds in the Fourth Cataract Region' (4e Conference Internationale sur L'Archeologie de la 4e Cataracte du Nil, University of Lille, 22-23 June)

2007

'Felskunst im Fluss: die Bilderwelt der Insel Us' (Tagung der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft (SAG), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 16 June)

2007

'The SARS Fourth Cataract Rock Art Project' (Research Day of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society, The British Museum, London, 15 May)

2006

'Rock art of the Nile valley: visual and acoustic aspects of Fourth Nile Cataract landscapes' (Lecture at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 26 October)

2006

'Rock art of the Nile valley: visual and acoustic aspects of Fourth Nile Cataract landscapes' (Lecture at the University Leiden, Netherlands, 19 October)

2006

'Soundscapes of the Nile valley: 'rock music' in the Fourth Cataract region (Sudan)' (5. Symposium of the International Study Group on Music Archaeology, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, 19-23 September)

2006

'Acoustic elements of the rock art landscape in the SARS concession above the Fourth Nile Cataract: Three seasons of research' (11th International Conference of Nubian Studies, University of Warsaw, 27 August-2 September)

2006

(with Dr. Pawel Wolf): 'Rock art versus Graffiti - a comparative approach to Nubian graphic expressions' (11th International Conference of Nubian Studies, University of Warsaw, 27 August-2 September)

2006

'Rock art above the Fourth Nile Cataract: some reflections after three seasons of research' (3d Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract, Africa Department, University of Cologne, 14-16 July)

2006

'Zeichen der Zeit - die Felsbilder des Vierten Nilkatarakts in vergleichender Perspektive' (Lecture at the Seminar für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte Nordostafrikas der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10 July).

2005

'Rock art landscapes of the Fourth Nile Cataract: characterisations and first comparisons' (2nd Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 4-6 August)

2005

'Rock art and 'rock music' of the Fourth Nile Cataract region: The Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project' (12th Congress of the Panafrican Archaeological Association, University of Botswana, Gaborone, 3-10 July)

2005

'Felskunst an Vierten Nilkatarakt: Visuelle und akustische Aspekte einer bedrohten Kulturlandschaft' (Lecture at the University of Cologne, Colloquium Africanum lecture series, 3 May)

2005

'Rock art landscapes of the Fourth Nile Cataract' (British Rock Art Group Conference, University of Bristol, 23-24 April)

2004

'For whom the bell tolls: rock art and 'rock gongs' in the Merowe Dam reservoir area of the Fourth Nile Cataract (Sudan)' ('African rock art in the 21st century', Trust For African Rock Art, Nairobi, 1-4 November)

2004

'More than meets the eye: visual and non-visual aspects of an Upper Nubian rock art landscape' (17th Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Bergen, Norway, 26-29 June)

2004

'The Ishashi island rock art survey' (Research Day of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society, The British Museum, London, 12 May)

2004

'Non-visual aspects of making and using rock art in the Forth Nile Cataract, Sudan' (British Rock Art Group Conference, University of Newcastle, 24-25 April)

Publications:
2015

C. Kleinitz, R. Till & B.J. Baker, The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project – Archaeology and acoustics of rock gongs in the ASU BONE concession above the Fourth Nile Cataract, Sudan: a preliminary report. Sudan & Nubia 19, 106-114.

2013 C. Kleinitz, Bilder der Vergangenheit: Die Felskunst des mittleren Niltals. In: St. Wenig & K. Zibelius-Chen (eds.), Die Kulturen Nubiens – ein afrikanisches Vermächtnis. Dettelbach: J.H. Roell, 341-359.
2012

C. Kleinitz, Rock art of the Fourth Nile cataract: an overview. In: H-P. Wotzka (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract, University of Cologne 13-14 July 2006. Africa Praehistorica 22. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 31-48.

2010

C. Kleinitz, Acoustic elements of (pre)historic rock art landscapes at the Fourth Nile Cataract. In: W. Godlewski & A. Lajtar (eds.), Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Supplement Series Volume, 2, Part 2, Fasc. 1 (Session Papers). Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology & Warsaw University Press, 149-160.

2009
 

C. Kleinitz, Meroitic ‚property marks’ in Fourth Nile Cataract rock art? A re-evaluation of an enigmatic class of graphic markings. In: B.J.J. Haring & O.E. Kaper (eds.), Pictograms or Pseudo Script? Non-textual Identity Marks in Practical Use in Ancient Egypt and Elsewhere. Egyptologische Uitgaven XXV. Leiden: NINO, 179-198.

2008
 

C. Kleinitz, Rock art on Us island: a window into past life-worlds at the Fourth Cataract. In: B. Gratien (ed.), Actes de la 4e Conférence Internationale sur l’Archéologie de la 4e Cataracte du Nil. Villeneuve d’Ascq, 22 et 23 Juin 2007. Lille: Université Charles-de-Gaulle, 85-107.

2008

C. Kleinitz, Soundscapes of the Nile valley: ‘Rock music’ in the Fourth Cataract region. In: A.A. Both, Eichmann, R., Hickmann, E. und L. Koch (eds.), Studies in Music Archaeology VI. Challenges and Aims in Music Archaeology. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf, 131-146.

2007

C. Kleinitz, Rock art and archaeology: the Hadiab Survey. Sudan & Nubia 11, 34-42.

2007
 

C. Kleinitz, Magisch-religiöse Zeichen der meroitischen und postmeroitischen Epochen in Nubien. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 18, 99-113.

2007
 

C. Kleinitz, Felskunst im Fluss: Die Bilderwelt der Insel Us am Vierten Nilkatarakt. Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 18, 51-75.

2007

C. Kleinitz, Rock art landscapes of the Fourth Nile Cataract: characterisations and first comparisons. In: C. Näser and M. Lange (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract. Berlin, 4-6 August 2005. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 213-234.

2007

C. Kleinitz, For whom the bell tolls: rescue recording of petroglyphs and rock gongs in the Merowe Dam reservoir area of the Fourth Nile Cataract (Sudan). In: J. Deacon (ed.), African Rock Art: The Future of Africa's Past. Nairobi: Trust for African Rock Art, 86-94.

2006

Kleinitz, C. & R. Koenitz, Fourth Cataract petroglyphs in context. The Ed-Doma and Dirbi Island rock art survey. Sudan & Nubia 10, 34-42.

2005

C. Kleinitz & C. Olsson, Christian period rock art landscapes in the Fourth Nile Cataract region: the Dar el-Arab and et-Tereif rock art surveys. Sudan & Nubia 9, 31-38.

2004

C. Kleinitz, Rock art and 'rock gongs' in the Fourth Nile Cataract region: the Ishashi island rock art survey. Sudan & Nubia 8, 12-17.


 
Dialogues in Stone: Past and present engagements with rock art in sub-Saharan Mali, West Africa
(1999-2003, PhD-Thesis project, Institute of Archaeology, University College London)

 

Songo 2008

Photographing rock art at Songo, Pays Dogon (photo: Daouda Keita).

 

 

Fieldwork:

09/2001

Ethnoarchaeological study of rock art at Songo, Pays Dogon, central Mali

04-06/2001

Rock art survey and documentation in the Baoulé-Bakoye region, southwest Mali

12/2000-02/2001

Rock art survey and documentation in southern and central Mali

03-04/2000

Rock art survey and documentation in the Baoulé-Bakoye region, southwest Mali

Presentations:
2011

'Sketchy memory: Dynamics in making and unmaking memory spaces in sub-Saharan West Africa' (Conference: Memory Sites and Memory Networks. TOPOI, Berlin, 23-24 May)

2003

'Fanfannyégèné Donsoma I: a biographical approach to the study of rock art in sub-Saharan Mali' (Current Research in African Archaeology in Britain and Ireland II, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 14 June)

2002

'Rock art and ethnography in sub-Saharan West Africa: pitfalls and possibilities', (Current Research in African Archaeology in Britain and Ireland I, St Hugh's College, Oxford, 20 April)

2001

'Pregnant women and cows' - new research on rock art in the Massif de Kita, south-west Mali, and its implications for the settlement history of sub-Saharan West Africa' (14. International Congress of the Pre- and Protohistorical Sciences (UISPP), Liege, 2-8 September)

2001

'Rock art in sub-Saharan Mali: the Boucle du Baoule and beyond' (11th Congress of the Panafrican Archaeological Association, Bamako, Mali, 7-12 February)

2000

'Rock art in sub-Saharan West Africa - recent research in the Upper Niger region of Mali' (4th AURA (Australian Rock Art Research Association) and IFRAO (International Federation of Rock Art Organisations Congress, Alice Springs, Australia, 10-14 July)

Publications:

2004

C. Kleinitz & B. Dietz, Art rupestre au pays Dogon: L'auvent de Songo. In: R.M.A. Bedaux und J.D. van der Waals (eds.), Regards sur les Dogon du Mali. Leiden (Exhibition Catalogue Musée National du Mali and Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden). Gand: Editions Snoeck, 138-145.

2003

C. Kleinitz & B. Dietz, Times of the signs - signs of the times. Rock art and circumcision among the Dogon of Songo, Bandiagara plateau, Mali. Leiden: Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde)

2001

C. Kleinitz, Rock art in sub-Saharan Mali. Antiquity 75, 799-800.

2000

C. Kleinitz, Tracing a West African Past: Rock art recording in sub-Saharan Mali. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 11, 85-88.


 

Other fieldwork (project member):

07/1999

Rock art documentation in Wooler, Northumberland, England (Rock Art Pilot Project)

08/1998

Rock art documentation in Paspardo, Valcamonica, Italy (project member)

1992-1998

Project member in excavations in Germany (Bronze age grave field, Eisenhüttenstadt; Slavic and early German settlements and fortifications in Lausitz; Heuneburg castle, Hesse), Czech Republic (Hradshin Castle, Prague), Mali (Neolithic and Iron Age sites in Central Mali)